In the book, Dahl gives eight conditions that measure the extent to which majority rule is in effect in an organization. For Dahl, democracy is a system that is "completely responsive to all its citizens", and the closest to the democratic ideal any country can come is polyarchy. His theory evolved over the decades, and the description in later writings is somewhat different.ĭahl argues that "democracy" is an ideal type that no country has ever achieved. The word derives from Greek poly ("many") and kratos ("rule" or "strength").ĭahl's original theory of polyarchal democracy is in his 1956 book A Preface to Democratic Theory. In semblance, the word "polycracy" describes the same form of government, although from a slightly different premise: a polycracy is a society ruled by more than one person, as opposed to a monocracy. A polyarchy is a form of government that has certain procedures that are necessary conditions for following the democratic principle. Polyarchy is different from democracy, according to Dahl, because the fundamental democratic principle is "the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals" with unimpaired opportunities. This form of government was first implemented in the United States and France and gradually adopted by other countries. It takes the form of neither a dictatorship nor a democracy. Dahl to describe a form of government in which power is invested in multiple people. In political science, the term polyarchy ( poly "many", arkhe "rule") was used by Robert A.
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